Application Notes:
As this product is derived from a natural source, there may be variations in the sphingoid backbone.
Gangliosides1 are acidic glycosphingolipids that form lipid rafts in the outer leaflet of the cell plasma membrane, especially
in neuronal cells in the central nervous system.2 They participate in cellular proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, signal
transduction, cell-to-cell interactions, tumorigenesis, and metastasis.3 The accumulation of gangliosides has been linked to
several diseases including Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease. GM3 is the main ganglioside of human fibroblasts and can
regulate fibroblast and epidermal growth factors4 and is also able to regulate the adhesion and migration of several carcinoma
cell lines. GM3 was also shown to inhibit tumor cell invasion. GM3 can induce human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells to
differentiate to monocyte/macrophage lineage instead of granulocytes.5
References:
1. L. Svennerholm, et al. (eds), Structure and Function of Gangliosides, New York, Plenum, 1980
2. T. Kolter, R. Proia, K. Sandhoff, J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277, No. 29, pp. 25859-25862, 2002
3. S. Brickle, G. Zeng, L. Gaol, R.K. Yu, J. Aubry, Biochimie, 85, 455-463, 2003
4. E.G. Bremer, J. Schlessinger, and S. Hakomori, J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 261, pp. 2434-2440, 1986
5. T. Chung, H. Choi, Y. Lee, and C. Kim, Glycobiology, Vol. 15:3, pp. 233-244, 2004