Application Notes:
As this product is derived from a natural source, there may be variations in the sphingoid backbone.
Gangliosides1 are acidic glycosphingolipids that form lipid rafts in the outer leaflet of the cell plasma membrane, especially
in neuronal cells in the central nervous system.2 They participate in cellular proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, signal
transduction, cell-to-cell interactions, tumorigenesis, and metastasis.3 The accumulation of gangliosides has been linked to
several diseases including Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease while an autoimmune response against gangliosides can lead to
Guillain-Barre syndrome. GM1 stimulates neuronal sprouting and enhances the action of nerve growth factor (NGF) by
directly and tightly associating with Trk, the high-affinity tyrosine kinase-type receptor for NGF. It is the specific cell surface
receptor for cholera toxin.4 This deuterated ganglioside is ideal for the identification of gangliosides in samples and
biological systems using mass spectrometry or HPLC.5
References:
1. L. Svennerholm, et al. (eds.), Structure and Function of Gangliosides, New York, Plenum, 1980
2. T. Kolter, R. Proia, K. Sandhoff, Combinatorial Ganglioside Biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem., July Vol. 277, No. 29, pp. 25859-25862, 2002
3. S. Birkle, G. Zeng, L. Gao, R. K. Yu, and J. Aubry. Role of tumor-associated gangliosides in cancer progression. Biochimie, 85, 455–463, 2003
4. C. E. Miller, J. Majewski, R. Faller, S. Satija, and T. L. Kuhl, Cholera Toxin Assault on Lipid Monolayers Containing Ganglioside GM1. Biophysj., June
Vol. 86(6), 3700–3708, 2004
5. J. Gu, C. Tifft and S. Soldin “Simultaneous quantification of GM1 and GM2 gangliosides by isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry” Clinical
Biochemistry, Vol. 41(6) pp. 413-417, 2008