Application Notes:
This product contains lactosylceramide and the gangliosides GM3 and GD3. It is a qualitative mixture prepared from highly
pure materials. Lactosylceramide is the precursor of many other glycosphingolipids and also functions as a second messenger
and protein receptor, making it a very important organic molecule. Lactosylceramide helps to stabilize the lipid membrane,
activate receptor molecules and acts as a receptor for certain bacteria and toxins. Its role as a second messenger has been
found to be vital and dysfunctions in its processes can lead to cancer and inflammation since it is critical to neutrophil
activity and in activating anti-inflammatory responses.1 Gangliosides participate in cellular proliferation, differentiation,
adhesion, signal transduction, cell-to-cell interactions, tumorigenesis, and metastasis.2 Gangliosides act as receptors for
various toxins and bacteria, accumulate in different tumors, and aid in many neuronal processes. Because of these functions
both lactosylceramide and gangliosides are both very important in therapeutic processes.3,4 This is a qualitative mixture and
should not be used for quantitative purposes.
References:
1. Ravinder Pannu et al. “A Novel Role of Lactosylceramide in the Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha-mediated Proliferation of Rat Primary
Astrocytes: IMPLICATIONS FOR ASTROGLIOSIS FOLLOWING NEUROTRAUMA” Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 280 pp. 13742-13751, 2005
2. T. Kolter, R. Proia, K. Sandhoff, “Combinatorial Ganglioside Biosynthesis” J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 277:29 pp. 25859-25862, 2002
3. S. Birkle et al. “Role of tumor-associated gangliosides in cancer progression” Biochimie, Vol. 85 pp. 455–463, 2003
4. NanLing Gong “Lactosylceramide recruits PKC/ and phospholipase A2 to stimulate PECAM-1 expression in human monocytes and adhesion to
endothelial cells” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 101:17 pp. 6490-6495, 2004